
Hello, I am the The Polite Investor, a polite Englishman that has been
living in the US for 10 years.

Although I have always been interested
in personal finance and investing, once my employer enrolled me in
their retirement plan, I thought it was time to
get serious and figure out how the American financial system works to
make sound investment choices. 

I started this site to document my financial
journey and offer my opinions to help others. Perhaps you might learn something from
my experiences and together we can all try to lead better financial
lives.

I believe the key to building wealth is disiplined saving
and investing coupled with a somewhat minimalist lifestyle. You don't
need stuff and you should have a healthy skepticism towards activities
your peers engage in: mortgages, expensive cars, expensive vacations.
You'll find a little bit of my personal philosophy peppered throughout
the site.



I hope you feel welcome here. Take what you find useful and leave the
rest. Pass on what you’ve learned to your friends. May you find the
financial success you deserve.

Want to say hello?  [Email me](mailto:hello@politeinvestor.com).


Antony Holmes

Polite Investor, CEO, CTO, employee #1, whatever

What is cryptocurrency and should you buy it?

Tales from the Crypto

Contribution limits for 401(k)s, 403(b)s, 457(b)s, IRAs, HSAs, FSAs are out.



All the limits are indexed to inflation so you will generally see an increased contribution every year or two. Inflation was relatively high in the first half of 2021, so the 2022 contribution limits for many of these accounts increased for 2022.

## 2022 Limits

The following table summarizes the contribution limits. What do you qualify for?

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
    <th></th>
    <th>2021</th>
    <th>2022</th>
    <th>Change</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>401(k), 403(b), and Most 457 Plans</td><td>$19,500</td><td>$20,500</td><td>$1,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>Catch-up Contribution 50+</td><td>$6,500</td><td>$6,500</td><td>$0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Combined Annual Contribution</td><td>$58,000</td><td>$61,000</td><td>$3,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>Combined Annual Contribution 50+</td><td>$64,500</td><td>$67,500</td><td>$3,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>Traditional/IRA Contribution</td><td>$6,000</td><td>$6,000</td><td>$0</td></tr>
<tr><td>IRA Catch-Up Contribution</td><td>$1,000</td><td>$1,000</td><td>$0</td></tr>
<tr><td>HSA Contribution (single)</td><td>$3,600</td><td>$3,650</td><td>$50</td></tr>
<tr><td>HSA Contribution (family)</td><td>$7,200</td><td>$7,300</td><td>$100</td></tr>
<tr><td>FSA Contribution</td><td>$2,750</td><td>$2,850</td><td>$100</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<div class="conclusions">

- 401(k)/403(b) Employee Contribution Limit for those under 50 went from **$19,500** to **$20,500**. Yay.
- Traditional and Roth IRA Contribution Limits stayed the same. Boo.
- Social Security benefits are projected to increase by 6.2%. Yay.

</div>

2022 contribution limits

There's an old adage in financial circles that **you get what you don't pay for**.



Just like with vanilla ice cream, sometimes the simpliest, plainest option
turns out to be the most financially delicious.



Don't be fooled by people telling you that investing is inherently complex and you have to pay someone to manage your finances.

You can easily create a simple, low cost investment strategy and manage it yourself which will out perform 90% of the strategies financial managers will try to sell you on.

Just follow these simple steps and you can largely forget about your money and what the markets are doing and go do something more interesting.

- Save at **20%** of your gross income every year towards retirement.
- If you have access to a **401(k)** or **403(b)**, try to max that out especially if you get a company match.
- Try to fill your **Roth IRA** or **Roth 401(k)** .
- If you have money left over, invest through a taxable brokerage account.
- Invest a sizable percentage of your money in risky investments such as stocks, and put the rest in bonds.
- Use a low-cost total stock market index mutual fund and a low-cost total bond market index mutual fund for your investments. You don't need anything else regardless of what you may read.
- Not sure what % of stocks your porfolio should be? Use the [Benjamin Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Graham) rule of thumb and pick the highest value between 20-80% you think you can tolerate. 60% is a reasonable starting point.
- Don't change this % no matter what the markets do. Plan to decrease your investments in stocks over time and re-evaluate your plan every 5-10 years.
- Make your investments at a reputable low cost brokerage such as Vanguard, Fidelity or Schwab. All of these are great companies so pick the one you like best.

The vanilla investor

Just like full fat milk, a rich retirement needs to hit the 4% sweet spot.



Plan on being able to withdraw a maximum of 4% (full fat) from your portfolio each year if you want it to have a good change of lasting through your retirement. In other words, when you retire you should aim for a portfolio 25 times bigger than the amount you plan to spend from it each year.

## Where does this rule come from?

From a highly cited research paper from 1998 called [The Trinity Study](https://www.aaii.com/files/pdf/6794_retirement-savings-choosing-a-withdrawal-rate-that-is-sustainable.pdf) that divided financial data into rolling 30 year periods from 1926-1995 and later updated to 1929-2009, and tested how likely a portfolio was to survive for the whole 30 years at various asset allocations and various withdrawal rates.

The prevailing theory at the time was that whatever the market return was, you could safely spend that much of your porfolio and it would last; if the market returned 10%, you could withdraw 10% and so forth. The study showed that if you actually spent more than 5% of your portfolio a year (adjusted for inflation), it was very unlikely your portfolio would last 30 years. Since every financial blogger on earth will eventually mention this study, let's look at it as well.

Most people focus on Table 2 from the paper because it summarizes the set of simulations to determine how likely it was for the portfolio of stocks and bonds to last a given number of years given a certain withdrawl rate. I have recreated so it is easy for you to copy instead of looking at a low resolution image buried in an archived paper.

Highlighted in red are the 3 and 4% withdrawl rates. As you can see, once you go above 4% for almost every combination of stocks and bonds and withdrawl periods, the chance of the portfolio surviving drops precipitously.

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
    <th>Payout Period</th>
    <th>3%</th>
    <th>4%</th>
    <th>5%</th>
    <th>6%</th>
    <th>7%</th>
    <th>8%</th>
    <th>9%</th>
    <th>10%</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
    <td class="font-semibold" colspan="9">100% Stocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>15 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>100%</td>
    <td>94%</td>
    <td>86%</td>
    <td>76%</td>
    <td>71%</td>
    <td>64%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>20 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>92%</td>
    <td>80%</td>
    <td>72%</td>
    <td>65%</td>
    <td>52%</td>
    <td>45%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>25 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>88%</td>
    <td>75%</td>
    <td>63%</td>
    <td>50%</td>
    <td>42%</td>
    <td>33%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>30 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">98%</td>
    <td>80%</td>
    <td>62%</td>
    <td>55%</td>
    <td>44%</td>
    <td>33%</td>
    <td>27%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
    <td class="font-semibold" colspan="9">75% Stocks / 25% Bonds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>15 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>100%</td>
    <td>97%</td>
    <td>87%</td>
    <td>77%</td>
    <td>70%</td>
    <td>56%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>20 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>95%</td>
    <td>80%</td>
    <td>72%</td>
    <td>60%</td>
    <td>49%</td>
    <td>31%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>25 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>87%</td>
    <td>70%</td>
    <td>58%</td>
    <td>42%</td>
    <td>32%</td>
    <td>20%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>30 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>82%</td>
    <td>60%</td>
    <td>45%</td>
    <td>35%</td>
    <td>13%</td>
    <td>5%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
    <td class="font-semibold" colspan="9">50% Stocks / 50% Bonds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>15 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>100%</td>
    <td>99%</td>
    <td>84%</td>
    <td>71%</td>
    <td>61%</td>
    <td>44%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>20 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>94%</td>
    <td>80%</td>
    <td>63%</td>
    <td>43%</td>
    <td>31%</td>
    <td>23%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>25 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>83%</td>
    <td>60%</td>
    <td>42%</td>
    <td>23%</td>
    <td>13%</td>
    <td>8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>30 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">96%</td>
    <td>67%</td>
    <td>51%</td>
    <td>22%</td>
    <td>9%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
    <td class="font-semibold" colspan="9">25% Stocks / 75% Bonds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>15 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>100%</td>
    <td>99%</td>
    <td>77%</td>
    <td>59%</td>
    <td>43%</td>
    <td>34%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>20 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>82%</td>
    <td>52%</td>
    <td>26%</td>
    <td>14%</td>
    <td>9%</td>
    <td>3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>25 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">95%</td>
    <td>58%</td>
    <td>32%</td>
    <td>25%</td>
    <td>15%</td>
    <td>8%</td>
    <td>7%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>30 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">80%</td>
    <td>31%</td>
    <td>22%</td>
    <td>7%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
</tr>

<tr>
    <td class="font-semibold" colspan="9">100% Bonds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>15 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>100%</td>
    <td>81%</td>
    <td>54%</td>
    <td>37%</td>
    <td>34%</td>
    <td>27%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>20 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td>97%</td>
    <td>65%</td>
    <td>37%</td>
    <td>29%</td>
    <td>28%</td>
    <td>17%</td>
    <td>8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>25 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">100%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">62%</td>
    <td>33%</td>
    <td>23%</td>
    <td>18%</td>
    <td>8%</td>
    <td>8%</td>
    <td>2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td>30 years</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">84%</td>
    <td class="text-red-500">35%</td>
    <td>22%</td>
    <td>11%</td>
    <td>2%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
    <td>0%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p class="text-sm" style="font-style: italic">Editor's note: One of my pet peeves are journals and websites that include tabular and text data as images, thus rendering the data almost useless for anyone who wants to download it and do some analysis. Journal papers are like data graveyards. This is why I copied out the table by hand and made a HTML version so anyone can use it.</p>

<div class="conclusions">

- Your portfolio is much more likely to last if you keep stocks during retirement.
- A withdrawal rate larger than 4% means a significant risk of running out of money.
- A withdrawl rate of 3% or less will work with just about any asset allocation.
- Even if you think 4% is too conservative, you can be fairly confident a high withdrawl rate, such as 8%, will never work.
- Plan on having a nest egg 25 times what you'll need each year when you retire.

</div>

_What withdrawl rate are you planning for?_

Just like full fat milk, a rich retirement needs to hit the 4% sweet spot

Tag

Investing

Tales from the Crypto

2022 contribution limits

The vanilla investor

A full fat retirement